人类的种属（英汉对照）(4)

古往今来对人性做出了合理假设的哲学家不胜枚举，现列举最重要的几位如下：马克思认为人的本质就是一切社会关系的总和；弗洛伊德将人性看作是一种以快乐和满足为原则的无意识的原始冲动和本能欲望；亚里士多德认为人天生就是政治的动物；叔本华认为人的天性是一种生存意志；基督教认为每个人生来就有原罪，因此人生现世的意义就在于赎罪，并与上帝达成和解，尽管哲学家们众说纷纭，却有一派哲学家认为人不能被归于某一个种属，因而也没有一个能称之为人性的东西：如果“一切社会关系的总和”可以被看作是人性，那么离群索居者必定不能被当作是人类；如果“得到身边人的尊重和认可”这一信条对每个人都有效，那么和尚的心理又该如何解释？如果如弗洛伊德所说，你可以将人类跟动物划等号，并承认每个人都靠着本能欲望过活，那你能告诉我为什么古往今来有那么多的殉道者和苦行僧吗？
If it is incumbent upon someone to argue with me that mankind, as it could be counted as a species, has an essence, after all, my theory is not so convincing and simple as 1 1=2, then I’m so sorry to tell him that despite the fact that everything around us, known as object, can be sorted into some categories, mankind, known as subject, is an exception. You are probably to argue that according to Darwin, man evolved from lower animals and as a result acquired some characteristics of them. But actually, there is some fundamental change happened to mankind at the very moment of its evolution. Mankind is such a special being that it has nothing in common with anything else in the world, and none of us can make an universal judgment upon it. In my viewpoint, everyone is born a seed with any possibilities. As time went by, it will sprout and grow into something as totally different from its kind as it is between oak, stone, lotus and cat. Can you treat Qin Hui and Yue Fei as equals? Can you say Eugenie Grandet and Bill Gates are the same in kind? Who can interpret Nero’s tyranny in the light of human nature? If they are of the same kind, why did Robespierre bring Louis XVI to the scaffold? Perhaps most people prefer to divide humans arbitrarily into several types, then there must be a kind of incommensurability between them. That is to say, a man’s essence has already been determined when the a seed has grown up into a giant tree, it can't be changed into another one of distant relationship. Different kinds of people, if get them together, must stand up for their own values and dispute with each other without stop. The best way to settle it, instead of assimilate one kind into another, is to part them and tell your dissidents “you look after your own concern and leave me to my own affairs”.